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- Date: Mon, 8 Jun 92 09:38:21 -0400
- From: dmilne@KEAN.UCS.MUN.CA
- Subject: ELEM-IG Lesson #4-A
- Sender: GAELIC Language Bulletin Board <GAELIC-L@irlearn.ucd.ie>
-
-
-
- A chairde,
-
- Here is lesson #4. It presents the plurals of a few sample nouns,
- and provides the rules for using the article with them.
-
- As usual, anyone who would like to send their answers to the
- exercises, or corrections, or comments, or questions about
- points of grammar, please feel free to do so. My address is:
-
- "dmilne@kean.ucs.mun.ca"
-
- Dorothy
-
- ......................................................................
-
- LESSON #4 THE PLURAL
-
-
- I. GRAMMAR
-
- A. Plural of nouns
-
- 1. There is no regular rule for forming the plural of a noun, so
- they have to be learned one by one. The general process is to
- add to the end of the noun a vowel, or one or more consonants plus
- a vowel. There are perhaps a dozen of these types of endings.
- However, there are a few patterns which cover most situations.
- Most nouns fit into one of the five patterns given below:
-
- a. Addition of -í [i:]
-
- e.g. cailín >> cailíní
- oráiste >> oráistí (note the "e" is dropped)
-
-
- b. Addition of -a [@]
-
- e.g. bróg >> bróga
-
-
- c. Addition of -acha or -eacha [@x@] or [@xi:]
-
- Because of Irish spelling rules,
- -acha is added if the last consonant is broad ie. C
- -eacha is added if the last consonant is slender C'
-
- e.g. craobh [kri:v] >> craobhacha
- feirm [f'e:r'im'] >> feirmeacha
-
- d. Addition of -anna or -eanna [@n@] F.P.
- ( -annaí or -eannaí [@n@i:] in Connacht )
-
- Because of Irish spelling rules,
- -anna is added if the last consonant is broad
- -eanna is added if the last consonant is slender
-
- e.g. dath [dah] >> dathanna
- scoil [skol'] >> scoileanna
-
-
- e. Insertion of -i- before the last consonant(s)
-
- This has the effect of changing a final broad consonant, C,
- to a slender consonant, C'. Obviously, this type of plural
- cannot be made if the noun ends in a vowel or already ends in
- a slender vowel.
-
- e.g. bád [ba:d] >> báid [ba:d']
- capall [kap@l] >> capaill [kap@l']
- ..............................................................
-
- 2. Noun plurals vary quite a lot among different dialects.
- This doesn't cause much of a problem once you know the patterns,
- because it is not too hard to recognize the variants when you
- encounter them.
-
- e.g. book leabhar >> leabhair
- >> leabhartha
-
- e.g. bird éan >> éin
- >> éanacha
-
-
- There seems to be a trend in modern Irish to shift from the
- short plurals (pattern (e)) to using long plurals (patterns
- (c) and (d)).
-
- There seems to be tendency to prefer pattern (c) -(e)acha
- for nouns with two syllables, and to prefer pattern (d) -(e)anna
- for single syllable nouns. However, it's only a tendency, not a
- rule, and you will find lots of exceptions.
- ...........................................................
-
- 3. Syllable dropping (syncope)
-
- In forming some plurals, the vowel in the second syllable of the
- word is dropped when the ending is added.
-
- This happens when the following two requirements are met:
-
- -i- the vowel in the second syllable is short and
- unstressed,
- -ii- the resulting cluster of consonants is pronouncable
-
- e.g. chair cathaoir [kahi:r']
- chairs cathaoireacha [kahi:r'@x@]
-
- e.g. city cathair [kah@r']
- cities cathracha [kahr@x@]
-
- cathair + eacha >> cathracha
- ^^ ^ ^^^
- -thr- [hr@] is pronouncable
-
- ...............................................................
-
- 4. How to find plurals in the dictionary
-
- The large dictionaries simply give the correct ending along
- with the entry for the noun in the singular.
-
- Foclóir Póca, however, gives the plural ending only if
- it is different from the most usual plural ending for the
- declension. Thus, if there is no plural ending shown,
- you have to note the declension number and check on page (viii)
- to find what the usual plural ending is for that declension.
-
-
- B. The article in the plural
-
- a. The article "an" becomes "na" in the plural.
-
- b. If the noun begins with a vowel, prefix an h .
- Otherwise, the article causes no change to the noun.
-
- e.g. the book an leabhar [@ l'aur]
- the books na leabhair [n@ l'aur']
-
- the bird an t-éan [@ t'e:n]
- the birds na héin [n@ he:n']
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- II. VOCABULARY
-
- branch craobh (f) [kri:v]
- brother deartháir [d'arha:r']
- bus bus [bus]
- car carr [ka:r]
- chair cathaoir (f) [kahi:r']
- city cathair (f) [kah@r']
- cities cathracha [kahr@x@]
-
- coat cóta [ko:t@]
- doll bábóg [ba:bo:g]
- number uimhir (f) [iv'@r']
- numbers uimhreacha [iv'r'@x@]
- pancake pancóg (f) [pangko:g]
- prayer paidir (f) [pad'ir']
- prayers paidreacha [pad'r'@x@]
- prize duais (f) [du@s']
- robin spideog (f) [sp'id'o:g]
- school scoil (f) [skol']
- ship long (f) [long]
- shoe bróg (f) [bro:g]
- sister deirfiúr (f) [d'er'@f'u:r]
- spoon spúnóg (f) [spu:no:g]
- street sráid (f) [sra:d']
- telephone fón [fón]
- tree crann [kran]
-
- bold dána [da:n@]
- polished snasta [snast@]
- polite múinte [mu:n't'@]
- ready réidh [re:y]
-
- ............................................................
-
- III. EXERCISES
-
- Write out the plurals as indicated below.
-
- 1. Plurals made by adding í :
-
- the girls the soldiers
- the cakes the farmers
- the coats the doctors
- the dogs the boys
- the walls
-
-
- 2. Plurals made by adding a
-
- the dolls the spoons
- the pancakes the shoes
- the apples the windows
- the ships the robins
-
-
- 3. Plurals made by adding (e)acha
-
- the branches the chairs
- the farms the numbers
- the brothers the sisters
- the letters the prayers
- the cities
-
- 4. Plurals made by adding (e)anna
-
- the flowers the lessons
- the buses the telephones
- the colours the streams
- the fields (grassy) the places
- the schools the streets
- the prizes the questions
- the cars
-
- 5. Plurals made by inserting i
-
- the boats the horses
- the hills the lambs
- the tables the trees
- the books the bicycles
-
-